Traditional knowledge, encompassing indigenous practices in medicine, agriculture, and environmental management, represents a rich cultural heritage that has sustained communities for generations. However, its legitimacy and efficacy are frequently contested in the face of modern scientific paradigms and globalized standards. Anthropological analysis reveals that these debates are deeply rooted in historical, socio-political, and cultural contexts. Colonial legacies and post-colonial power dynamics play a significant role in shaping perceptions and policies towards traditional knowledge systems. The imposition of Western scientific methods often marginalizes indigenous practices, leading to a devaluation of traditional knowledge. Conversely, there is a growing movement advocating for the recognition and integration of traditional knowledge into contemporary frameworks. This is driven by the increasing acknowledgment of its value in sustainable development, biodiversity conservation, and holistic health practices. The challenge lies in creating a balanced dialogue that respects and incorporates traditional knowledge while ensuring its scientific validation and ethical use. This paper tries to highlight and discuss the pros and cons of this issue through an anthropological analysis. Bridging the gap between traditional and modern knowledge systems requires interdisciplinary efforts and policy support. An anthropological perspective emphasizes the importance of understanding the cultural significance and community contexts of traditional knowledge, advocating for its preservation and rightful place in the modern world.