The Adygeans represent the indigenous population of the Western Caucasus. As a result of the long (almost century-old) Caucasian War, which ended in 1864, the population of the Adygeans underwent drastic changes. The aim of the work is to assess the degree of preservation of the genetic memory of the original architectonics of the Adyghe gene pool, having studied in detail all modern tribal (subethnic) groups. 34 Y-chromosome haplogroups have been identified in the gene pool of the Adygeans, four of them are major - G2-YY1215, G2-YY9632, J2-M172 (xM12,M47,M67), R1a-M198(xM458), present in all subethnic groups. The remaining 30 haplogroups reflect the uniqueness of the gene pool of each of the tribal groups. For the first time, it was shown that haplogroup G2-YY1215 is dominant both in the gene pool of Adygeans as a whole and in almost all subethnic groups, and demonstrates a clear geographical distribution gradient: its frequency is rapidly growing from east to west, unites all Abkhaz-Adyghe peoples and is absent from Ossetians. Outside of Republic of Adygea and other Adyghe peoples, this haplogroup is so rare that it can be considered "marking" the Adyghe population. For the first time, genome-wide sequencing methods made it possible to analyze the structure of the Adygean gene pool and create genetic portraits for ten subethnoses. The methods of multidimensional analysis revealed three main groups of populations and their mutual location in the genetic space, corresponding to the data of the history of the Adygeans. Phylogenetic analysis indicates the date of the emergence of the proto–population of the Adygeans about 3 thousand years ago and the period of demographic growth 1.5-2 thousand years ago. At the same time, the absence of accumulation of STR-haplotypes in any one population may indicate powerful migration flows between the subethnoses of the Adygeans.